On the Second Day of Christmas...The game changing judgment that clarified how disputed evidence is tested at trial.
Today we examine the game changing judgement which was handed down by the Supreme Court in TUI UK Ltd v Griffiths and, whilst the case centres around a personal injury claim, it has had a significant impact on the manner in which disputed evidence is tested at trial.
Background
Mr. Griffiths claimed he attracted acute gastroenteritis from contaminated food or drink at his hotel during a TUI package holiday. He used a microbiologist's evidence to support his claim. TUI had permission to present their own expert evidence but did not.
The Court at first instance found that, even though TUI didn't challenge Mr. Griffith’s expert evidence or present their own, his expert was unable to prove that the hotel's food caused his illness.
Mr Griffiths successfully appealed this decision through the High Court whereupon TUI appealed the decision successfully in the Court of Appeal (who agreed with the first instance decision).
Ultimately, Mr Griffiths successfully appealed the Court of Appeal’s decision in the Supreme Court where Lord Hodge, who delivered the Supreme Court judgment, found there had been no sufficient challenge to Mr Griffiths’ expert’s report and a such the first instance Judge was not entitled to ignore it or to find that the expert was wrong.
Each court considered the necessity for parties to challenge evidence through cross-examination if they intend to dispute it in their final submissions.
Key Issues Addressed
The Supreme Court considered the appeal of Mr Griffiths, and ultimately reversed the Court of Appeal to determine that TUI did not properly challenge Mr Griffiths microbiologist during cross-examination but later criticised the evidence in submissions. Lord Hodge found this approach unfair and concluded that the trial judge, and the Court of Appeal, had ‘erred in law in a significant way’.
In finding in Mr Griffiths favour, Lord Hodge identified several principal questions in the appeal:
- Scope of the Rule: Should a party challenge evidence by cross-examination if they wish to contest it later?
- Application to Expert Witnesses: Does this rule apply to questioning the reliability of a witness's recollection and the reasoning of an expert witness?
- Fairness of the Trial: Was the trial conducted fairly in this case?
Why is the Supreme Court’s decision important?
The Supreme Court’s decision emphasised that an expert’s role is to assist the court with specialised knowledge without overstepping the judge's decision-making authority. The quality of an expert's reasoning is paramount. Lord Hodge cited Jacob J's statement from Routestone Ltd v Minories Finance Ltd (1997), highlighting that the strength of an expert's opinion lies in the reasons provided.
The judgment further reinforced a long-standing rule from Phipson on Evidence, which held that a party must challenge the opposing party's evidence through cross-examination if they wish to argue against it. This rule ensures that witnesses can address any contradictions or issues with their evidence.
Lord Hodge noted that this rule is not just a matter of legal precedent but a fundamental aspect of fairness in legal proceedings. He referenced Browne v Dunn (1893), where Lord Halsbury stressed the injustice of not cross-examining witnesses on their evidence and then asking the jury to disbelieve them.
Ultimately, Lord Hodge's judgment highlights the necessity of cross-examination to ensure fairness and the integrity of expert evidence in court.
This ruling serves as a crucial reminder of the procedural safeguards required to maintain justice in adversarial legal systems.
